Literature Review: The Role of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites in Bridging the Digital Divide in Archipelagic Nations: A Case of Indonesia
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Abstract
Indonesia, as the world’s largest archipelagic nation with over 17,000 islands, faces challenges in achieving equitable internet access, especially in its 3T regions (underdeveloped, frontier, and outermost areas). This literature review paper examines the strategic role of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites in bridging the digital divide through a comprehensive synthesis of secondary data from academic articles, government reports, and policy documents. Assessing SWOT and PESTLE analytical frameworks, the study identifies the technical strengths of LEO systems such as low latency (30–50 ms), high throughput, and a modular architecture that supports 5G Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) as well as inter-satellite links (ISL). These features are key enablers for expanding connectivity to geographically isolated regions. The backhaul model integrates optimally with existing 4G/5G infrastructure, supporting edge computing and emergency redundancy, while the direct-to-user model enables rapid deployment and community Wi-Fi solutions, although constrained by high terminal costs and limited beam capacity. Politically and legally, successful LEO adoption requires harmonized Ka/Ku spectrum regulation, alignment with ITU standards, and public-private partnerships to build national capacity. Economically, hybrid financing schemes and micro-subsidies are essential to extend access to low-income users; socially, digital literacy and technical training must accompany deployment; environmentally, eco-friendly satellite design and mandatory deorbit procedures are necessary to prevent long-term space debris. The findings underscore LEO satellites not merely as a technical solution but as a strategic instrument to accelerate digital inclusion and economic transformation, especially in 3T regions of Indonesia.
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